When it comes to the fascinating world of owls, Minnesota is home to a diverse array of species, both native and migratory. Have you ever spotted a strikingly large white owl by the roadside, reminiscent of the one from Harry Potter? If so, you're likely looking at a snowy owl, a stunning bird that has recently made headlines due to a rare phenomenon known as an irruption. During these events, certain owls venture southward in search of food and better living conditions during the winter months.
Snowy owls are characterized by their striking black and white plumage, with some individuals appearing almost entirely white, which helps them blend seamlessly into their snowy surroundings. These impressive creatures can reach lengths of nearly two feet, boasting round heads, bright yellow eyes, and distinctive black beaks. While they typically nest in the frigid arctic tundra of northern Canada and Alaska, there are winters when they travel south to hunt small mammals like voles and mice.
Traditionally, it was believed that these owls moved south primarily due to food shortages. However, research conducted during the last significant irruption in the winter of 2013-2014 challenged this notion. Despite an abundance of lemmings—snowy owls' preferred prey—during the previous summer, a surprising migration occurred. The prevailing hypothesis now suggests that the unusually high population of lemmings led to a boom in young owls. As a result, these fledglings sought new territories to spend their first winters, as the prime habitats in the Arctic were already occupied by more dominant adult owls.
But what about other species? Yes, Minnesota also witnesses irruptions of other owls, most notably the great gray owl. This remarkable owl, the largest found in Minnesota, can grow up to 33 inches tall and has an impressive wingspan ranging from four to five feet. With its gray feathers streaked with darker lines and a deep, repetitive hoot, the great gray owl is well-adapted for hunting, primarily during daylight hours. Its keen sense allows it to dive into snow-covered areas to capture rodents, particularly voles, which form a vital part of its diet.
Last winter marked another irruption of great gray owls, following the previous event in 2005. However, such migrations pose serious risks for these beautiful birds. They often hunt along open roads, where their focus on prey can lead to tragic encounters with vehicles. Unlike many other birds, owls have forward-facing eyes that enhance depth perception but limit their peripheral vision. During the notable irruption of 2005, the Raptor Center at the University of Minnesota received over a hundred injured great gray owls, most of which succumbed to injuries sustained from car collisions.
If you're curious about how to distinguish these majestic creatures, it’s worth noting that while identifying owls can be challenging, each species possesses unique traits, including their distinct calls. In Minnesota, a few owls can be spotted year-round:
Barred Owl: Common across the state, this owl has a brown and gray body adorned with characteristic barred lines and a wingspan of approximately 3.5 feet. If you've ever heard an owl that seems to say, "who cooks for you?" you’ve encountered a barred owl.
Great Horned Owl: Similar in size to the barred owl, this formidable predator features bright yellow eyes and prominent ear tufts resembling horns. Often referred to as the "flying tiger," it fearlessly hunts all sorts of prey, including rodents, skunks, and even porcupines. In fact, a single great horned owl can consume over 4,000 mice in a single year, and its call is a recognizable "hoo-hoo-hoo-hooo."
Eastern Screech Owl: About half the size of both the barred and great horned owls, this species showcases mottled gray and white or rust and white feathers. Its call resembles a horse whinny followed by a trilling whistle, and it may occasionally screech, hence its name. One evening, I heard loud screeches from my yard that startled me; upon investigation, I discovered they were juvenile eastern screech owls communicating with each other, perhaps warning of nearby dangers or simply expressing their youthful exuberance.
Northern Saw-whet Owl: This tiny owl, measuring only 7-8 inches in length, can primarily be found in the northeastern regions of Minnesota. Its most common call consists of a series of short, whistled notes. Unfortunately, larger owls pose a threat to this diminutive species.
Long-eared Owl: Residing mainly in the northern two-thirds of the state, this owl boasts a wingspan of three feet, a round orange face, and a body marked by a striking pattern of black, white, and brown stripes. Their calls are varied and are most frequently heard during the breeding season, which occurs in March and April.
In addition to these more commonly seen owls, Minnesota is also home to several rarer species. These include the barn owl (typically found in the southern part of the state), boreal owl (limited to northeastern Minnesota), burrowing owl (now uncommon due to agricultural practices), northern hawk owl (occasionally migrating from Canada during the winter), and the short-eared owl (once widespread, now significantly diminished due to loss of native grasslands).
If you’re interested in attracting owls to your property, consider leaving dead trees standing as potential nesting sites or constructing owl boxes. Both barred and eastern screech owls are cavity nesters, making your yard a perfect sanctuary for them. Given their appetite for rodents, having owls around can be an excellent way to maintain a natural balance.
Have any questions about the natural world, whether it involves birds, insects, animals, or native flora? Are you a Master Naturalist or an expert in your field who would like to share your insights? Feel free to reach out to me at BLAmasternaturalist@gmail.com. Let's explore the wonders of nature together!
